Τον διάλογο δεν τον φοβόμαστε. Κάθε άλλο! Ακόμα και στο θέμα που το Αντίβαρο προσέλκυσε το ενδιαφέρον πολλών χιλιάδων χρηστών του διαδικτύου και ανέβηκε κατακόρυφα η αναγνωσιμότητά του (την επιτυχή πρωτοβουλία του να ζητήσει την απόσυρση του εγχειριδίου Ιστορίας της Στ’ Δημοτικού). Προ-δημοσιεύουμε εδώ ένα άρθρο της Μαρίας Ρεπούση (αντιγράφοντάς το από την ιστοσελίδα της), το οποίο εστάλη στο Γερμανικό περιοδικό Geschichte für heute. Zeitschrift für historisch-politische Bildung και εκκρεμεί η δημοσίευσή του εκεί στο πρώτο τεύχος του 2009.
Επειδή – ακόμη μία φορά – η περιγραφή των αντιδράσεων δεν απεικονίζει πλήρως την πραγματικότητα, έχουμε κάνει στο Αντίβαρο μία εκτενή ανασκόπηση των αντιδράσεων κατά του βιβλίου Ιστορίας της Στ’ Δημοτικού το Φθινόπωρο του 2007, που εν προκειμένω αποτελεί μία πρώτη απάντηση στο άρθρο.
Battles over the national past of Greeks
The Greek History Textbook Controversy
2006-2007
Maria Repoussi
[under publication in Geschichte für heute. Zeitschrift für historisch-politische Bildung 1/2009 ]
The controversy over the History Textbook for the 6th grade was one of the intense debates which has been held from 1974[1] on, highlighting the fact that history became in
I. The Greeks and their past
The process of Greek nation-building, the creation of the Greek state in 1830, as well as the procedures of national unification during the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th [2] were firmly linked with history and anchored the Greeks’ past from which they drew legitimacy and recognition. The Greek speaking orthodox populations of the ottoman state had to form an independent state because, according to the national rhetoric, they were the descendents of the Ancient Greeks, those who gave light to the world, who created the arts and sciences and who invented Democracy. The Greek state in the 19th century had to enlarge its spheres of influence and civilise the barbaric East as its ancestors had once done to the West. So, the West was in debt to
The existence of Greek populations in the lands of the
The national antagonisms between the Greek state and the
II. The teaching of History in
For many years, school history served, with small variations during 19th and 20th century, these stereotyped hostile images for the Turks and despite its recent amelioration, it continues to cultivate a series of national myths regarding the period of Ottoman rule, the revolution of 1821, the role of the Patriarchate in that, the Asia Minor catastrophe and Greek-Turkish relationship in general[3]. It remained to a great extent unaffected by historiographical developments in
III. The new school history textbook for 6th grade[5]
The History Textbook of 6th grade was part of a new generation of school books coming after new curricula, new directives of textbooks writing, new procedures of selecting and evaluating the textbooks[6] and public declarations to the direction of the Pedagogical Institute for the necessity of innovations in the curricula and the textbooks. In other words and despite the weaknesses of the new system, it represented an effort to open the previous closed circle of textbook production and it was an attempt for the modernization and democratization of Greek Education.
The new history textbook of the 6th grade of primary school was, according to the curriculum[7], devoted to the modern and contemporary times, the hot period of history for the Greek-Turkish relationship. All the historical constructions, on which national mythology was based, were part of this period. It was so a challenge for its writers to accomplish the task following a totally different logic in comparison with the previous ones and the national mythology foundations.
Firstly, the textbook is based on a concrete theoretical framework concerning school historical knowledge as a body of declarative, procedural and conceptual knowledge[8], which takes place in a history inquiry environment[9], taking into consideration previous collective representations and knowledge[10] and depended on a sociocultural context[11]. According to this framework, as it is explained in the teachers’ book[12], history lessons have to be developed in a way to correlate historical content, competences and concepts, to relate the object of learning with the procedure to learn in order to promote history understanding. The team of writers tried consequently to support a disciplined inquiry environment of asking meaningful questions, finding information, drawing conclusions and reflecting. The complete educational material –pupil’s book, teacher’s book and activity book- aimed at historical consciousness or historical culture[13] or even historical literacy and introduced a series of innovations of both declarative and methodological/procedural nature[14]. At the level of content, the main innovations, were on the one hand, the absence of national myths and stereotyped images and on the other the introduction of new, for the Greek experience, historical subjects such as the history of childhood, the history of every-day life or women’s history. An attempt was also made to introduce matters of European and world history as well as multiperspectivity in key moments of history[15]. At the level of methods, the textbook supported a laboratory-style active learning environment with diverse historical sources in which pupils had to learn history by doing history. A series of activities and exercises tried to support the critical reading of sources, analysis, comparisons and conclusions. The textbook also attempts to communicate with literacy theories and multimodality[16] as well as to lead to cross-curricular connections with other subjects taught in school. It also allows a lot of scope for the teacher’s freedom to choose sides on the subject, sources, activities and even views of the historical past which are judged more compatible and interesting for the children in his/her class. Alongside, the teacher’s book took care to support the teacher in the handling of historical themes giving him more data and suggesting additional bibliography. The same work in additional bibliography and software was also given to the children.
IV. The battle
The operation was from the beginning difficult and the first skirmishes took place while the book was being written. They were between the team of writers and the Pedagogical Institute which tried to keep control of the content of the textbook. Writing the book took two years and until the final approval, the texts were written and rewritten quite a few times, a procedure applied not only in this case but also in other books, mainly in history and language. At the end of this long procedure, the book made its way to the ‘Organisation for Schoolbook Publishing’ which is the official state publisher.
Even before the book was published and distributed to the schools, the first reactions became public. Initially, there were two circles from which reactions came. Both circles had taken part in previous battles regarding national issues and relations with the neighbouring countries and generally speaking, they are in communication with each other. The first was the Greek Church[17], then under the leadership of Archbishop Christodoulos, a leader frequently intervening in politics in order to invalidate each attempt for the complete separation of the state and the church or to protect Greekness. The second circle was a nationalistic network, calling itself Network for Democracy and Homeland with a membership of influential people from a wide political spectrum, from extreme right wing to extreme left wing, active in the ‘protection’ of national identity and the rights of Hellenism[18]. The members of the network denounced the book as part of a general plan financed by foreigners, either Europeans, Americans or Turks having planned the loss of Greek national pride and identity. The conspiracy theory exploited each feeling, fear or event which could support it. A previous meeting of the Turkish foreign minister with his Greek equivalent announcing their desire for changes on history textbooks of both sides, the discussion about the entrance of
The book was normally introduced into the schools in September 2006, with all the new schoolbooks and it initiated positive comments in the daily press of the country and positive presentations of the innovations it contained. During 2006, the reactions against the book were under control and quite marginal, even though an electronic site, named Antibaro[19], launched a large scale petition of signatures demanding its withdrawal from the schools. The publicity regarding the book created the second pole of the controversy constituted by historians, teachers, and journalists who supported the attempt either to ‘historisize’ school history or to change the way to teach it. 500 signatures of academic historians and teachers entered the debate on the side of the book. In the same spirit a press conference was given by representatives of the History Journals[20]. The creation of the second pole of the battle alimented the campaign for the withdrawal of the textbook which took on great dimensions in March 2007. It was during the national holiday of 25th of March, the anniversary of the 1821 revolution against Ottoman rule which ended with the creation of the Greek national state. It brought matters to a head both at the level of discussion but also of action as an extreme right-wing organisation, ‘Chrysi Avgi’, burnt the book in of
From one point on, while the book was still being taught in schools, the battle caused by the book touched on matters of overall historical culture and civilisation and revealed a huge gap between collective memory and history, at least in its scientific and academic version. Television, radio programmes, readers’ letters to newspapers and magazines and personas in the windows of TV news reports fanatically supported the nationalistic stereotypes and the national myths against the historians who tried to defend history and speak in the name of historical data and sources. The game was unequal and the discourse of historians had little chance to be considered in the middle of fanatical cries.
Despite the reactions and petitions in favour of the withdrawal of the book, the Minister of Education and Religion, Marietta Giannakou, in repeated questioning in the parliament by the opposition –the Socialist party and Coalition of the radical left- against the withdrawal of the book, as well as in interviews to the press declared explicitly that she would not bow to political pressure coming from extra-institutional centres against the book. She also declared that the history textbook, as all the new school books, would be assessed through educational procedures and, if there were didactical problems, they would be improved. However, in a move of despair, she turned to the
The conflict reached an even higher peak as the country entered a pre-election period. Two political parties of the extreme right wing, a newly formed one by Mr Papathemelis and an older one which nonetheless had not managed to get elected in the national elections but only in the European, hammered the government and the Minister of Education, Marieta Giannakou for not withdrawing the book ‘insulting our nation’ and they organised a great deal of their campaign with slogans defending the national glory. The second half of 2007, while the battle raged, a sentence was found and isolated, or rather a word which would function as evidence for the bad intentions of the team of writers to soften the dramatic aspects of Greek suffering[24]. Alongside this, the tabloids violated the private lives of the writers. Photographs in swimsuits, taken without permission with long-range cameras on beaches, in country houses, details of dress or personal lives, especially for the female members of the team–needless to say, with many inaccuracies- adorned the political debate with generous amounts of sexism. In order to defeat the case of the book, it was necessary to damage the reputation of the writing team. The battle was again unequal and carried out under conditions which the academic community could not follow. The polemic against the book persuaded a large part of public opinion that the book was an anti-national instrument ordered by foreign centres and dangerous for the Greek national identity. Whatever everyone feared was claimed to be written in the book. It no longer mattered what it actually said but what it symbolised.
At the end of the electoral campaign, general elections were fixed for September 2007, and the book was a central theme in every-day discussions and political confrontations on TV. While, in the summer of 2007,
However, that did not happen. After the elections, the leadership of the Ministry of Education changed and the power relations changed. One of the two extreme right wing parties, the party of Popular Orthodox Rally[25], [
The withdrawal of the history book became a front-page issue in newspapers and provoked a variety of reactions. These included protesters from educational and historical quarters, among which was the International Society for History Didactics, critics to the government from the Opposition, negative comments for the new minister but also congratulations from politicians, journalists and policy makers. The case of the book after its replacement in the schools calmed down but didn’t subside. Every time a national subject is discussed, such as the naming of neighbouring
The book today, together with the accompanying material is available from bookshops. The team of writers managed to publish it with the aim, as is written in the prologue of the 2hd edition, “to be able to be studied and judged, probably to be criticised, not only for what it symbolises but also for what it really is. In addition, it may be made use of, even as a supplement, in the teaching of history, to resist, lastly the arbitrariness of its withdrawal and to have the right as an intellectual genre to circulate freely.
At this moment, while the official book is the old one, the history book is used, even in a supplementary way by many teachers who would like to escape from massive accounts of factual information and rote learning in the teaching of history. On the other hand, the issue of making the system of textbook writing and producing more liberal and democratic as well as abolishing the idea of one single book is raised more and more often.
References
Baynham M.&Prinsloo M. (2001), «New directions in literacy research», Language and Education (15), 2-3, σ. 83-91
Blinkhorp M.&Veremis Th., (1990), Modern
Castell S., Luke A. & Egan K. (ed.) (1986), Literacy, Society, and Schooling: A Reader,
Clogg, R. (1986), A short history of Modern
Cooper, H. (1995), The Teaching of History in Primary Schools,
Erdmann, E. (2008), Historical Consciousness-Historical Culture: Two sides of the same medal? International Society for History Didactics, Jahrbuch 2006/2007, p. 27-38
Gilson G. (2007), Battle Royal Over History Book,
Gourgouris,
Kitromilides, P. (1994), Nationalism, and Orthodoxy: Studies in the Culture and Political Thought of South-Eastern
Koulouri Ch. & Venturas L.(1994), Research on Greek textbooks: a survey of current trends, Paradigm 14, available in faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/westbury/Paradigm/KOULOURI.pdf
Koulouri Ch. (1992), Dimensions idéologiques de l’historicité en Grèce (1834-1914). Les manuels scolaires d’histoire et de géographie, Frankfurt & Paris: Peter Lang
Kress G. (2004), Literacy in the New Media Age,
Kremida D. (2007), “Greek-history textbook stirs flame”, Turkish Daily News, 26.03.2007, available in http://users.auth.gr/~marrep/
Lakassas A. (2007), Educational Pretext for Ideological Attack, Herald Tribune
Lave J. & Wenger E. (1991), Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation,
Leontis, A. (1995), Topographies of Hellenism: Mapping the Homeland,
Levstik L. & Barton K. (2001), Doing History, Mahwah, New jersey &
Liakos, A. (2001), “The construction of National Time. The Making of the Greek Historical Imagination”, Jacqes Revel & Giovanni Levi, Political Uses of the Past, Special Issue of Mediterranean Historical Review 16, 1 , p. 27-42
Stearns P.; Seixas P. & Wineburg S. (eds.) (2000), Knowing, Teaching & Learning History, National and International Perspectives,
Pellens K.; Siegfried Qu. & Sussmuth H.(eds), (1994) Historical Culture – Historical Communication. International Bibliography, Braunsweig: Georg-Eckert-Institut, Studien Zur Internationalen Schulbuchforschung
Repoussi M., Andreadou
Repoussi, M. (2008a), «Politics questions history education. Debates on Greek History Textbooks», International Society for History Didactics, Jahrbuch 2006/2007, p. 99-110
Repousi, M. (2008b), “I nuovi manuali de storia in Grecia. Cronaca di una Guerra ideological sul passato nazionale», Mundus, rivista di didattica della storia 1 (2008), p.37-43. The english version available in http://users.auth.gr/~marrep/
Seixas P. (1993), “The community of inquiry as a basis for knowledge and learning: The case of History”, American Educational Research Journal 30, p. 305-324
Seixas P. (ed.) (2004), Theorizing Historical Consciousness,
Tutiaux-Guillon N. & Nourisson D. (2001), Identités, mémoires, conscience historique, Lyon: Publications de l’Université de Saint-Étienne
Van Gent, A. (2007), The dispute over a Greek History Book, Neue Zurcher Zeitung, 12.04.2007, available in http://users.auth.gr/~marrep
Veremis, Th. (1989), ‘From the National State to the Stateless Nation, 1821-1910, European History Quarterly 19, p. 9-22
Wertsch J.V. (1998), Mind as action,
———-, Where history isn’t bunk, Economist
[1] July 1974: Fall of the dictatorship and re establishment of the democracy in
[2] For this process see in English, Clogg 1986; Veremis 1989; Veremis (1990), Kitromilides 1994; Leontis, 1995; Gourgouris 1996; Liakos 2001
[3] For the 19th and the beginning of 20th century, see Koulouri 1992
[4] See also Koulouri & Venturas 1994
[5] Repoussi Maria , Andreadou Chara., Poutachidis Aris. and Tsivas Armodios, “In Modern and Contemporary Times”, Ministry of Education and Religion Affairs, Pedagogical Institute, Organisation for Schoolbooks Publishing, Athens 2006.
[6] The teams of writers was this time independent of the leadership of the Ministry of Education and had been selected by means of open and clear procedures based on extensive samples of writing. In the case of the History textbook of 6th grade, the team of writers was composed of historians and primary school teachers with many years of teaching experience and special studies in history didactics. The direction belonged to an academic historian specialised on History Didactics.
[7] According to the Greek curriculum, the teaching of history in primary schools takes place in the last three grades, in the 4th , ancient times which are actually history of the Greek ancient times, in the 5th grade medieval times which is actually Byzantine history and in the 6th grade, modern and contemporary times which are 90% modern and contemporary Greek history. See, Repoussi 2008a
[8] Rogers, 1978; Cooper, 1988,
[9] Levstik & Barton, 2001; Seixas, 1993
[10] Seixas 2004
[11]Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wertsch, 1998, Stearns, Seixas & Wineburg (2000), Tutiaux-Guillon & Nourisson (2003). See also the consequent problematic for the didactics of history in Pellens, Siegfried & Sussmuth (1994)
[12] Teacher’s book, History of 6th Grade, Modern and Contemporary Times, 1st edition, p. 9-13
[13] For the concepts see Erdmann, 2007
[14] See Repoussi, 2008b
[15] See f. ex. the Great Discoveries chapter, p. 6-7 i
[16]Kress 2004; Baynham. & Prinsloo 2001; Castell, Luke & Egan (ed.),1986
[17] See
[18]See the rationale of the network in www.diktyo21.gr/
[19] See www.antibaro.gr
[20] In
[21] see in the German TV, ARD, Europamagazin, 05.05.2007
[22] See Economist,
[23] See, the interview of the responsible of the team of writers in Lakassas 2007
[24] It was the word ‘crowding’ describing the mass concentration of the Greek population of
[25] see Wikipedia, Popular Orthodox Rally
.